| Title |
Identification of main human urinary metabolites of the designer nitrobenzodiazepines clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam by nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for drug testing purposes
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, April 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00216-016-9439-6 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Markus R. Meyer, Madeleine Pettersson Bergstrand, Anders Helander, Olof Beck |
| Abstract |
Among the new psychoactive substances (NPS), so-called designer benzodiazepines have become of particular importance over the last 2 years, due to their increasing availability on the internet drug market. Therapeutically used nitrobenzodiazepines such as flunitrazepam are known to be extensively metabolized via N-dealkylation to active metabolites and via nitro reduction to the 7-amino compounds. The aim of the present work was to tentatively identify phase I and II metabolites of the latest members of this class appearing on the NPS market, clonazolam, meclonazepam, and nifoxipam, in human urine samples. Nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to provide data about their detectability in urine. Data revealed that clonazolam and meclonazepam were extensively metabolized and mainly excreted as their amino and acetamino metabolites. Nifoxipam was also extensively metabolized, but instead mainly excreted as the acetamino metabolite and a glucuronic acid conjugate of the parent. Based on analysis of human urine samples collected in cases of acute intoxication within the Swedish STRIDA project, and samples submitted for routine drug testing, the most abundant metabolites and good targets for urine drug testing were 7-aminoclonazolam for clonazolam, 7-acetaminomeclonazepam for meclonazepam, and 7-acetaminonifoxipam for nifoxipam. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 2 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Norway | 1 | 50% |
| Unknown | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 45 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 45 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 6 | 13% |
| Researcher | 6 | 13% |
| Student > Bachelor | 5 | 11% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 4 | 9% |
| Lecturer | 3 | 7% |
| Other | 6 | 13% |
| Unknown | 15 | 33% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | 9 | 20% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 7 | 16% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 4 | 9% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 2 | 4% |
| Environmental Science | 1 | 2% |
| Other | 7 | 16% |
| Unknown | 15 | 33% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 22. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 13 February 2023.
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#1,700,050
of 25,374,917 outputs
Outputs from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#91
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Outputs of similar age
#28,057
of 316,306 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#5
of 137 outputs
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