Title |
Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research
|
---|---|
Published in |
European Journal of Nutrition, March 2016
|
DOI | 10.1007/s00394-016-1179-z |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Anthony Zulli, Renee M. Smith, Peter Kubatka, Jan Novak, Yoshio Uehara, Hayley Loftus, Tawar Qaradakhi, Miroslav Pohanka, Nazarii Kobyliak, Angela Zagatina, Jan Klimas, Alan Hayes, Giampiero La Rocca, Miroslav Soucek, Peter Kruzliak |
Abstract |
Caffeine is a most widely consumed physiological stimulant worldwide, which is consumed via natural sources, such as coffee and tea, and now marketed sources such as energy drinks and other dietary supplements. This wide use has led to concerns regarding the safety of caffeine and its proposed beneficial role in alertness, performance and energy expenditure and side effects in the cardiovascular system. The question remains "Which dose is safe?", as the population does not appear to adhere to the strict guidelines listed on caffeine consumption. Studies in humans and animal models yield controversial results, which can be explained by population, type and dose of caffeine and low statistical power. This review will focus on comprehensive and critical review of the current literature and provide an avenue for further study. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Scientists | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
Ghana | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 243 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 53 | 22% |
Student > Master | 39 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 17 | 7% |
Researcher | 16 | 7% |
Student > Postgraduate | 10 | 4% |
Other | 37 | 15% |
Unknown | 74 | 30% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 48 | 20% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 22 | 9% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 19 | 8% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 18 | 7% |
Sports and Recreations | 12 | 5% |
Other | 51 | 21% |
Unknown | 76 | 31% |