“Again this an obvious case of predictive modeling followed by fitness changes in growth and development." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“When young trees were provided with water only once a year, over the next several years they learned to predict when the water would be supplied and synchronised their growth with its appearance.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Three avoidance responses. (3) Apical dominance is increased, the main stem elongates more quickly with longer spaces between leaves which are larger in surface area with longer petioles and fewer more vertically erect branches." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Three avoidance responses. (2) The whole plant moves away as in the Stilt Palm by differential growth of prop roots toward the light.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Currently three avoidance responses to this situation have been observed. (1) New branches grow away from the direction of higher FR/R.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Many plants perceive these parts of the light spectrum and thus model the possibility of future, not current, shading from competitors and thus future reductions of available light energy." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Plants. “Future changes in resource availability are also predicted and acted upon. It has been known for some years that light reflected from green vegetation has an enhanced far red/red (FR/R) ratio and contains more blue light than normal sunshine.“ htt
Dodder. “However numerous decisions are made on first contact. Many suitable hosts are rejected within a few hours of the first touch contact, indicating choice. Dodder does not parasitize itself indicating self-recognition." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“The clearest example of predictive modeling behavior can be found in a parasitical non-photosynthetic plant, Dodder.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Plants intelligently optimise energy gain whilst minimising resource outlay.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Many trees determine flower numbers a year in advance and if the spring is cold or water deficient, flower buds are simply abscised to adjust potential fruit production with predicted summer circumstances." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Mayapple. "The assessment is made on a complex of present-day developmental and environmental assessment with the prediction that present day conditions won't differ too much in the future." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“A striking example of predictive behavior is exemplified by the Mayapple (and no doubt other forest floor plants) that makes decisions about branching or reproduction 1–2 years in the future." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“The cambium is probably the decision arbiter over shoot branching and maintenance patterns." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Carbohydrate (captured energy from more productive branches) and root resources are directed away from unproductive tissues and donated to productive organs to optimise energy acquisition and minimize energy outlay under competitive circumstances.“ https:
Resource allocation on overgrowth. “In these cases either minimal root resources are provided or more commonly the branch dies and the vascular system is sealed." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Resource allocation. "When plants are grown in competition however, simple patterns of leaf placement and minimal shading are often destroyed. It is common for branches to become overgrown by other more competitive species.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Branch commitment. "The direction in which new branches are formed in these circumstances is another example of predictive modeling increasing the probability of acquisition of light energy in the near future." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Within canopy openings, not only leaf position but branch polarity is constructed to align with the primary orientation of diffuse light." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Petiole and pulvinus. "These same two organs are also able to move the lamina out of the direct plane of sunlight if the light becomes too intense and becomes damaging.L https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Leaves possess two light sensitive organs (the petiole and the pulvinus) that control the direction of the leaf lamina, ensuring it is intelligently placed at 90° to the prevailing polarity of incident sunlight thus capturing maximum energy." https://t.co
“Future shoot formation and light foraging indicate intelligent behavior. The morphology of many plants is constructed so as to minimize self shading.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Plant memory can last seconds, minutes, days, weeks and months according to the time frame of the signal and the developmental response examined." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“The mechanical stimulation is remembered for several hours and is a meaningful memory in terms of the response of the tendril that also takes several hours to coil.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
more weird nigel plant stuff incoming
“Tendrils require both a mechanical stimulus and blue light to coil. By separating the time of application of the two signals the length of the memory of one signal can be determined.' https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“A number of plant developmental changes require two signals for completion. By giving one signal without the other, the length of time the memory of that one signal lasts, can be easily established.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
RT @TenFleming: Plants. “In recurrent and novel environmental situations, individual cells, tissues and whole plants model the cost/benefit…
"Predictive modeling is found even in primitive forms in bacteria, is more complex in plants but is most accurately exemplified in complex brains. Many higher plants are thus typical of behavioral intelligence systems." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Plants. “Such modeling takes place on an adaptive representational network that is an emergent property arising from cellular signal transduction and whole plant interactive networks." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Plants. “In recurrent and novel environmental situations, individual cells, tissues and whole plants model the cost/benefits of particular future behaviors, so that the energetic costs and risks do not exceed the benefits that adaptive behavior procures.“
Poaching. “Sharing” plants developed more and longer lateral roots, vectorially directed toward neighbouring roots than toward roots of the same plant, thus guarding their own territory." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Poaching. “But enhanced root proliferation led to a trade-off with reduced seed number thus decreasing fitness for both individuals.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Poaching. "In this case recognition of competition led to enhanced proliferation by both individuals in their own soil in order to “steal” nutrients from their neighbour." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Poaching. "In further simple experiments individual plants were forced to competitively “share” the same soil with another individual.“ https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Split root expt. “In an entirely intelligent fashion, the fence-sitter moved its growing root systems from the pot with competition, to that free of competition and in proportion to the number of competitors." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Split root expt. “One box of these “fence-sitter” plants were then exposed either to no competition, or to increasing numbers of alien competitors.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Split root expt. “Gersani et al., set up a simple two-box experiment in which one individual plant was grown with roots split between the two boxes.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“If roots of different individuals of the same species are forced to contact each other, decisions are then made to rapidly cease growth of the touching roots." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“The growing shoot and root must retain their model of the predicted future resources for several days to oversee these phenotypic changes and until the new leaves and roots start to transport resources to the rest of the plant." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Likewise roots only sequester minerals in their mature regions. Inaccurate speculation, that is poor decision-making, can waste valuable resources and short shrift can be expected in the Darwinian struggle." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
RT @TenFleming: “Many trees are constructed from long and short shoots, the long being exploratory for new light sources in a canopy of lig…
“Leaves do not transport fixed carbon until nearly mature; instead they act as a speculative drain on the limited supplies of root minerals and water.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Plants. “Information transduced by resource sensors thus directs behavioral responses that increase the probability of attainment of richer sources of food in the near future." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“It is growth along gradients of resources that lead both root and shoot to eventually meet rich pockets. Exploratory shoots will grow along light gradients to the more intense regions and roots will grow along humidity and mineral gradients.” https://t.co
“Many trees are constructed from long and short shoots, the long being exploratory for new light sources in a canopy of light patches, whilst short shoots carry most of the leaves and exploit light already available." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Plant actively forage for environmental resources by modeling their future availability and benefits over costs." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Higher plants integrate the signaling complex; they process the information and construct a composite response specific to the range and balance of perceived signals." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Even after moved to different soils, plants retain the memory of their original neighbours for several months up to a year." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Since the phenotype differs with each new neighbour, the ecological niche is not a fixed quantity but like the phenotype itself, is plastic in character and changes as growth continues." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
"Numerous biotic signals are sensed and modify the phenotype. These include the presence, absence and identity of neighbours, cooperation, mutualism, disturbance, trampling, herbivory, parasitism and space." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Plants. “Furthermore these signals are sensed and the intensity, the direction and the length of exposure are finely discriminated." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Many signals modify the plant phenotype. Many abiotic signals are sensed by plants. For example, humidity, light, minerals, gravity, wind, snow melt, soil structure and composition, etc., and totaling about 20 in number, initiate phenotypic changes.“ http
RT @TenFleming: “Intelligence encompasses the characteristics of detailed sensory perception, information processing, learning, memory, cho…
Plants. “We know that such communication is complex involving a plethora of communicating macro- and micro-molecules and electrical signals." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Plants have evolved an integrated complex of hormonal systems—a coordinated but non-centralized intelligence system that manages resources.” https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Individual plant species exhibit all of these intelligent behavioral capabilities but do so through phenotypic plasticity, not movement. Plants should therefore be regarded as prototypical intelligent organisms." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
Intelligence. “All these properties are concerned with a capacity for problem solving in recurrent and novel situations." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“Intelligence encompasses the characteristics of detailed sensory perception, information processing, learning, memory, choice, optimisation of resource sequestration with minimal outlay, self-recognition, and foresight by predictive modeling.“ https://t.c
“The tip of the root acts like the brain of one of the lower animals." (Darwin). https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
“A common assumption is that only animals with brains can be intelligent. This as pointed out by Vertosick is simple brain chauvinism." https://t.co/t7mxeeiHCp
RT @DanielaMeza333: Vamos a tirar la biología a la basura Plantas https://t.co/jyTyKvaN6q https://t.co/MWJDarAsBl https://t.co/pGZpXtHQEA h…