Seasonal changes in the content of dehydrins in mesophyll cells of common pine needles

Pine "chloroplasts contain mainly single thylakoids and small grana consisting of 2–4 thylakoids." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine reduced chloroplasts "provide adaptation to high level of insolation." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine reduced chloroplasts "serve to limit the quantity of solar radiation reaching photosynthetic" apparatus. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine "chloroplasts featuring single thylakoids (stromal lamellae) and only small grana stacks" are protective. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

The flexibility of pine chloroplast membranes "plays an important role in resistance" to severe weather. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pines show a "high flexibility of chloroplast membrane structure." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pines reduce "size and quantity of chloroplasts in response to low temperatures and high level of solar radiation." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pines. "The most substantial rearrangements (are) in structural organization of chloroplast membranes." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pines. "The fastest and most substantial changes in needle cells take place in the chloroplasts" seasonally. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"Changes in cell ultrastructure of (pine) needles cells under natural conditions involve all organelles." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"The ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of Pinus silvestris L" changes seasonally. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"DHN accumulation has been detected in response to drought in embryogenic cell lines" of conifers. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"A decrease in DHN gene transcript number was found in fir-tree buds and needles during bud burst." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"Differential expression of DHN genes has been shown for maritime pine." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"Genes of DHNs in fir-tree buds and stems were expressed in response to wounding, drought, and cold stress." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

DHNs "presumably protect membranes and proteins from damage caused by moisture loss." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"DHNs accumulate in plants concomitantly with a reduction of intracellular water content." https://t.co/UepqcsS5Q8

"DHNs are therefore considered specific markers of cold resistance by some authors." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"The appearance of dehydrins (DHNs) in cells is required for the development of cold resistance." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine needle chloroplasts and mitochondria accumulate dehydrin in cold seasons to protect their membranes. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine needles. "Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain the largest amount of membrane structures." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine needles. "In April, in chloroplasts and cell walls" have the highest Dehydrin contents. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Pine needles. "In October, the highest DHN content was found in chloroplasts and mitochondria." (Dehydrin). https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Dehydrin "in pine needles increases in spring and autumn when moisture availability and temperatures are" worst. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Dehydrins "possess a cryoprotective activity and the capability to scavenge metal ions and reactive-oxygen species." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

"Stabilization of membranes, and protection of proteins from damage caused by moisture loss" is by dehydrins. https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Dehydrins appear in plants or seeds "in response to cooling or osmotic stress." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Dehydrins appear in plants or seeds "along with a decrease in intracellular water content." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA

Dehydrins are late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins which "appear in plants or seeds at a later stage of maturation." https://t.co/UepqcsAuYA